The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also
be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stared or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Questions 9~l0 are based on the following passage.
When the tide was in and the water rose up to within a foot of the lawn. we children boasted that we could fish out of our bedroom windows. This was not quite true. But it was true that, from our front lawn, the house was full of 5 waves. When the tide was up and the sun was shining. the
white front of the house was in movement with reflected waves. The tall windows became so solid in color and form, gold and blue. that the house seemed to be hill of Sea; until, of course. one turned round and saw the teal 10 sea. so miraculously real that it startled.
9. What does the narrator mean by the comment “thehouse was full of waves” (lines 4-5)
(A) The house ws decorated with a nautical theme.
(B) The children enjoyed drawing pictures of the sea.
(C) The house mirrored the movements of the sea.
(D) 'The basement of the house sometimes killed with water.
(E) The house appeared as if it had been damaged by the sea.
10. In context. the tone of lines 5-10 (“When . . . startled")
is best described as one of
(A) awe and fear
(B) mischief and curiosity
(C) sadness and confusion
(D) wonder and delight
(E) uncertainty and impatience
Questions 11-12 are based on the following passage.
Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired a reevaluation of one of the great early urban cultures--the enigmatic Indus Valley civilization. one of the four great early Old World state-cultures, along with Mesopotamia, 5 Egypt, and China's Yellow River civilization Much less is known about the Indus civilization than these other states because linguists have yet to decipher the Harappan script found on recovered objects. Attempting to understand these vanished people and their social structures, my colleagues10 and I have drawn clues from the miscellaneous objects we uncover and sites we excavate. In this effort, the Harappan writings have not been totally useless; we have gleaned insights by examining the context of the writing's use.
11. A major assumption of the passage is that
(A) the spot within an excavated site where an object is found is a clue to its social significance
(B) it is a great help in understanding a civilization tobe able to decode its language
'(C) there are similarities among the social structures of ancient urban civilizations
(D) an effective archaeologist should learn the language of the civilization being studied
(E) ancient languages are all very difficult to decipher
12. 'The author’s tone in the final sentence is best described as
(A) frustrated
(B) resigned
(C) ambivalent
(D) somewhat encouraged
(E) unshakably confident
Questions 13-24 are based on the following passages.
These were two passages. written in the 1990’s. address the ways in which environmental consent: have been made public.
Passage 1
There is nothing wrong with attempting to make the often difficult and complex Endings of science available to a wider audience. but environmental popularizers often present a one-sided picture and hide important scientific 5 disagreements on issues relevant to environmental quality.
The zeal to draw firm conclusions from the results of scientific research frequently prompts speculative matters to be left out or presented with greater authority than they deserve. The partisanship implicit in these failures is most 10 often excused by the originality of the author’s perspective on the subject or a passionate commitment to do good.How could one regret the “minor” confusions that might arise from such noble impuises? But using one-sided and incomplete accounts of the state 15 of scientific knowledge has led to projections, predictions, and warnings that. not surprisingly, have been falsified by events. No one knows what the future holds. But reports that Lake Erie and the oceans would be dead by now were surely greatly exaggerated. The United States is wracked 20 neither by food riots nor a great epidemic of pesticide-induced cancers. Birds continue to sing in the mornings, and they do not have to face the rigors of either an ice age caused by humans or a global warming caused by the heat of increased energy production and consumption. With 25 what confidence should we look upon the projected honors of global warming. rain forest destruction, or toxic waste, given the record of the past?
This failure of prophecy may be an intellectual weakness.yet prophecy continues because it provides the popularizers 30 with a profound rhetorical strength: it releases the power of fear. 'lite central role of this sentiment in political rhetoric has long been understood. Arousing fear. though. is not always easy. Even as far back as Aristotle. it was observed that we fear things less the more distant they are. Hence 35 when Churchill sought to rouse the British. he brought the Germans to the beaches. landing grounds, fields. streets. and hills of "our island.“ So. too. to arouse fears the popularizers have to present pict1.tres of imminent calamities that could befall their relatively comfortable and well-off 40 readers. Environmental disasters like endemic waterbome disease due to inadequate sewage treatment in faraway nations do not Et this category. The prospect of my getting skin cancer due to ozone depletion does. Without such immediacy. one could only arouse a sentiment like com-45 passion. which is not as strong as fear.
Passage 2
Few ideas are more deeply entrenched in our political culture than that of impending ecological doom.in l962., when Rachel Carson wamed readers that polluting was a threat to all life on the planet, pessimistic appraisal; 50 of the health of the environment have been issued with increasing urgency. And yet. thanks in large part to her Q warnings. a powerful political movement was born and a series of landmark environmental bills became law: the fs; Clean Air Act (1970). the Clean Water Act (l972), and 55 the Endangered Species Act (1973). These laws and their `equivalents i.n Western Europe, along with a vast array of private efforts, have been a stunning success. ln both the United States and Europe, environmental trends are, forth; most part, positive; and environmental regulations, far from 60 being burdensome and expensive, have proved to be strik--ingly effective, have cost less than was anticipated, and have made the economies of the countries that have them into effect stronger. not weaker. Nevertheless, the vocabulary of environmentalism has65 continued to be dominated by images of futility. crisis, and decline. In 1988. Thomas Berry, an essayist popular among ecologists. wrote that “the planet cannot long endure present modes of human exploitation.” ln 1990, Gaylord Nelson the former senator from Wisconsin who was a prime mover 70 behind the first Earth Day in l970, said that environment problems “are a greater threat to Earth's life-sustaining systems than a nuclear war." And in l993 Vice President Al Gore said that the planet now was suffering ‘grave and perhaps irreparable damage." But. at least insofar as the 75 Western world is concerned. this line of thought is an anachronism. rendered obsolete by its own success. Nor are environmentalists the only people reluctant to acknowledge the good news: advocates at both ends of the political; spectrum. each side for its own reasons, seem to have 80 tacitly agreed to play it down. The Left is afraid of the environmental good news because it undercuts stylish pessimism: the Right is afraid of the good news because it shows that government regulations might occasionally amount to something other than wickedness incarnate and 85 actually produce benefits at an affordable cost This is a bad bargain-for liberals especially. Their philosophy is under siege on many fronts-crime welfare?medical care, and education. among others. So why not trumpet the astonishing, and continuing, record of success
90 in environmental protection?
13. l.n line 14, “state" most nearly means
(A) rank
(B) excitement
(C) territory
(D) government
(E) condition
14.The author of Passage l indicates that "food riots" (line 20) and "pesticide-induced cancers" (lines 20~21) are
(A)problems the nation will ultimately encounter
(B)problems facing underdeveloped areas of the world
(C)among the predictions of environmental popularizers
(D)among the consequences of global warming
(E)potential results of the pollution of lakes and oceans
15 The term "rigors" in line 22 refers to
(A)the efforts needed for environmental cleanup
(B)stringent regulations put in place since 1970
(C)moralistic attitudes of many environmental popularizers
(D)projected consequences of environmental decline
(E)ability of nature to recover from environmental abuse
16 The author of Passage l uses the example in lines 42-43 ("The prospect. . . does") to
(A)describe a personal experience
(B)imply that the subject should not be frightening
(C)elicit sympathy from the reader
(D)demonstrate a psychological fact
(E)emphasize the prevalence of a crisis
17 The first paragraph of Passage 2(lines 46-63) presents
(A)an elaborate speculation
(B)a historical summary
(C)a list of sources
(D)an Introductory aside
(E)a scientific theory
18 ln Passage I. the phrase "rendered . . success" (line 76)indicates that
(A)the desires of environmentalists have changed over the years
(B)the success of the environmental movement has frightened conservative politicians
(C)the accomplishments of the environmental movement have made its public pronouncements irrelevant
(D)environmentalists often appear old-fashioned in a world primarily concerned with technology
(E)environmentalism plays on the political concerns of both liberals and conservatives
19 The Phrase "wickedness incarnate" (line84)is used to
(A)cast aspersions on bureaucratic ineptitude
(B) parody the language used by people with certain political leanings
(C) convey humorously a deep longing of the author
(D) rail against blatant polluters of the environment
(E)suggest the quasi-religious underpinnings of environmentalism
20 The attitudes toward environmentalism of the authors of Passage l and Passage 2. respectively. are
(A)outrage and resentful disappointment
(B)skepticism and qualified admiration
(C) indifference and urgent concern
(D) alarm and grudging acceptance
(E) open-mindedness and staunch advocacy
21 What would the author or Passage I most likely say about the sort of reports mentioned in lines l7~l9 of Passage l ?
(A) They were unethical attempts to manipulate public opinion
(B) They reflected the scientific uncertainty of their era.
(C) They seem quite naive in retrospect.
(D) They served a purpose in their time.
(E) They are needed today more than ever.
22 The author of Passage l would most likely argue that the "line oftl1ought" (line 75) illustrated in Passage 2 was
(A) once original hut is now trite
(B) once wholly based on science but is now driven by politics
(C) in no way meant to be taken literally
(D) of no significance to faraway nations
(E) of dubious validity from the beginning
23 How would the author of Passage l be most likely to answer the question posed at the end of Passage 2
(A)Because good news is less of a stimulus to action than are dire warnings
(B)Because environmentalists fear alienating either the Left or the Right
(C)Because environmentalists themselves are divided about whether their task has been accomplished
(D)Because boasting is still considered in appropriate by the liberal elite
(E)Because laypersons lack the training to evaluate the environmental record
24 The authors of Passage l and Passage 2 agree that
(A)the state of the environment continues to worsen
(B)the environmental movement lacks political influence
(C)most of the information citizens receive about the environment is overly technical
(D)spokespeople for the environmental movement art not sufficiently knowledgeable
(E)the environmental movement employs exaggerated rhetoric
