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Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increase the risk, never entirely eliminable from research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.
Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study. Often researchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied. A treatment judged successful under these ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive disease may vary according to a patient’s stage of disease. Patients’ ages may also affect a treatment’s efficacy.
Frazier 和 Mosteller 声称可以通过进行更大规模，更简单易行的药物临床试验来改进医学研究。现在，研究者收集的病人资料远远超过了做实验所需要从医院收集的资料，这使得收集、保存和分析数据的花费都增加了。尽管所收集资料的局限性会增加研究者忽略相关研究因素的风险，但是Frazier 和 Mosteller 称这种风险不可能消除，只能在大多数研究中降到最低。只有在对新式疗法的研究中才有可能出现新的始料不及的变量。
Frazier 和 Mosteller 不仅建议研究者将数据收集限制在个别病人身上，还建议研究者在临床试验中多加入一些病例，这样才能从病人的总体中获得更具代表性的样本。通常，研究者会把研究案例限制在除所研究病例外没有其它病情的病人中。如果治疗方案在这种理想的条件下被证明有效，将会被放在普通条件下再做评估。Frazier 和 Mosteller 认为扩大实验对象的范围便于研究者评估治疗方案在不同情况下对不同病人的疗效，以及对不同分组病人的有效性。例如，治疗方案的效果可能因病人所处病程的不同而变化。病人的年龄也可能影响疗效。
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