伊曼努尔·康德，德国哲学家、天文学家、星云说的创立者之一、德国古典哲学的创始人、唯心主义、不可知论者、德国古典美学的奠定者。他被认为是对现代欧洲最具影响力的思想家之一，也是启蒙运动最后一位主要哲学家。
1740年，康德进了科尼斯堡大学。人们现在无法考证他当时注册了什么专业，但可以肯定的是他经常听哲学课。1748年，24岁的康德大学毕业，因为他的父亲已经去世两年，他衣食无托，前途渺茫。由于大学没有他的位置，他决定到科尼斯堡附近的小城镇去做家庭教师。康德的“三大批判”构成了他的伟大哲学体系，它们是：“纯粹理性批判”(1781年)、“实践理性批判”(1788年)和“判断力批判”(1790年)。
康德曾说再也没有哪个家庭教师比他还差，但是实际上他这是谦虚，因为他教过的学生对他的口碑都不错。在做家庭教师期间，他发表了第一本著作-“关于生命力的真实估计之思考”，内容是关于笛卡儿、。五年的家庭教师生涯后康德重返科尼斯堡，从此他再也没有离开过家乡。返回家乡后，康德再次进入大学学习。1755年，康德以“自然通史和天体论”获得硕士学位，三个月后获得大学私人助教资格，开始教授哲学。
在私人助教这个教职上，康德一干就是15年，学生的听课费就成了他的生活来源。因为康德的课很受欢迎，愿意听他的课的学生也多，因此他在生活上也做到了衣食无忧。在任助教期间，康德开始经常发表著作。他的论题包罗万象，从自然科学、美学、神学甚至到巫术应有尽有，但贯穿其中的问题只有一个，那就是哲学研究应该如何进行：是从理性的观点出发，从普遍真理中推导出有关事物的真理还是从经验出发，通过观察得出普遍的结论。
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher. He is the central figure of modern philosophy, and set the terms by which all subsequent thinkers have had to grapple. He argued that human perception structures natural laws, and that reason is the source of morality. His thought continues to hold a major influence in contemporary thought, especially in fields such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.
Kant's major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781),aimed to unite reason with experience to move beyond what he took to be failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He hoped to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the skepticism of thinkers such as Hume.
His ideas influenced many thinkers in Germany during his lifetime. He settled and moved philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists and empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer amended and developed the Kantian system, thus bringing about various forms of German idealism. He is seen as a major figure in the history and development of philosophy. German and European thinking progressed after his time, and his influence still inspires philosophical work today.
