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1. The following appeared in a business magazine.
"As a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of Promofoods tuna, the company requested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk. This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods; the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."
下面这段文字出自一份商业杂志。
去年由于有大量消费者投诉说产生了眩晕和恶心，Promofoods召回800万罐金枪鱼回收检测。Promofoods下结论说这些罐头根本不含任何有健康危害的化学物质。这一结论基于这样的事实，即Promofoods的化学家测试了回收的罐头样本，并发现8种最常见的导致眩晕和恶心症状的化学物质中，有五种都没有在任何被测试的罐头中被发现。化学家确实发现剩下三种受怀疑的化学物质在所有其他罐头食品中都存在。
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.
2. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Socks, Inc.
"A recent study of Dura-Socks customers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented Endure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. We have always advertised our use of the Endure process, but the new study shows that despite the socks' durability, our customers, on average, actually purchase new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, customers surveyed in our largest market—northeastern United States cities—say that they most value Dura-Socks' stylish appearance and availability in many colors. These findings suggest that we can increase our profits by discontinuing use of the Endure manufacturing process."
下面这段文字出自Dura-Socks, Inc市场副总监的备忘录。
最近一次对于Dura-Sock使用者的调查表明我们公司用于"Endure"专利生产工艺的钱是浪费的，这种工艺使我们生产的袜子足以使用两年。Dura-Sock一直在做广告宣传它的耐用性，但最新调查显示一般Dura-Sock的消费者每三个月就买一双Dura-Sock袜子，即便它很耐用。另外，在我们最大的市场，美国东北部城市的消费者说，他们最欣赏Dura-Sock时尚的外观和众多颜色的选择。这些事实说明Dura-Sock可以停止用"Endure"生产工艺来盈利。
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
3. The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.
"In 1975 a wildlife census found that there were seven species of amphibians in Xanadu National Park, with abundant numbers of each species. However, in 2002 only four species of amphibians were observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. There has been a substantial decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide, and global pollution of water and air is clearly implicated. The decline of amphibians in Xanadu National Park, however, almost certainly has a different cause: in 1975, trout—which are known to eat amphibian eggs—were introduced into the park."
下面是写给一家环保杂志编辑的一封信。
根据1975年的野生动物统计，Xanadu National Park有七种两栖动物，并且每种数量都很多。然而，到2002年公园里只剩了四种两栖动物，且每种的数量急剧减少。在世界范围内两栖动物的数量急剧下降，全球范围的水和大气污染显然是罪魁祸首。但是，Xanadu National Park两栖动物的减少却有另外的诱因：1975年公园引进了鲑鱼——一种吃两栖动物卵的鱼类。
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
4. The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.
"Two studies of amphibians in Xanadu National Park confirm a significant decline in the numbers of amphibians. In 1975 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 2002 only four species of amphibians were observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. One proposed explanation is that the decline was caused by the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1975. (Trout are known to eat amphibian eggs.)"
下面是写给一家环保杂志编辑的一封信。
Xanadu National Park的两项调查确认两栖动物数量的急剧减少。1975年该公园有七种两栖动物，并且每种数量都很多。然而，到2002年公园里只剩了四种两栖动物，且每种的数量急剧减少。一种解释是1975年鲑鱼的引进导致了两栖动物的减少，因为鲑鱼吃两栖动物的卵。
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
5. In a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens conducted by the University of Waymarsh, most respondents said that they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a second study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Waymarsh was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
在一次由Waymarsh大学所举行的关于Waymarsh居阅读习惯的调查中，多数被访者说他们倾向于阅读古典文学。然而，由相同的研究人员随后进行的调查发现Waymarsh所有公共图书馆中最经常被借阅的书是神秘小说。因此，我们可以得出结论，第一次调查的被访者错误地表达了他们的阅读习惯。
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
