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Topic 1
Reading
Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.
First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed, they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees and makes room for fresh growth immediately, which is likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.
Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy spruce trees. So by removing rotting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.
Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local residents.
Topic 1
Listening
Salvage logging may appear to be an effective way of helping forest recover after a destructive fire or storm, but it can actually result in serious longer term environmental damage. Its economic benefits are also questionable.
First, cleaning up a forest after a fire or storm does not necessarily create the right conditions for tree growth. In fact, the natural process of wood decomposition enriches the soil and makes it more suitable for future generations of trees. The rapid removal of dead trees can result in soil that lacks the nutrients necessary for growth.
Second, it’s true that rotten wood can increase insect populations, but is this really bad for the forest? In fact, spruce bark beetles have lived in Alaskan forest for nearly 100 years without causing major damage. And, of course, dead trees do not provide habitats only for harmful insects. They are also used by birds and other insects that are important contributors to the long term health of the forests. In the long run, therefore, salvage logging may end up doing more harm to forests than harmful insects do.
And third, the economic benefits of salvage logging are small, and don’t last very long. In severely damage forests, much of the lumber can be recovered only by using helicopters and other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. And furthermore, jobs created by salvage logging are only temporary, and are often filled by outsiders with more experience or training than local residences have.
Topic 1
Answer
The reading and listening passages debate the pros and cons of the practice of salvage logging. The reading material outlines (provides) its three major benefits, which are contradicted by the following lecture.
First, the reading passage claims that salvage logging provides spaces for forest growth. However, the speaker claims that salvage logging makes the soil less nutritious because damaged trees can provide nutrition for the soil after they decay. This practically refutes the reading’s claim.
Secondly, the reading passage argues that salvage logging controls harmful insects, for instance, spruce beetles. However, the speaker believes that spruce beetles are not harmful. And he argues that salvage logging reduces the numbers of beneficial species.
Finally, the reading claims that salvage logging provides economical benefits. Two reasons are provided. For one thing, it helps local companies to reduce losses by recycling damaged trees. Second, it provides job opportunities to local people. However, the speaker believes that this is not the case. For one thing, salvage logging needs very expensive transportation, e.g. helicopters. For another thing, salvage logging needs skillful workers, who do not come from the local community.
