在
22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
“As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine.”
由于公众对滥用药物的情况越来越关注，权威人士更警惕地防止非法药物进入国内。许多毒贩子已经从大体积的大麻和市场太小因而风险很高的海洛因转向了可卡因。。
1.,而不一定有因果关系.
2.即便毒贩转向运进可卡因,但是吸毒者也不一定就一定能转变他们吸毒的对象.
3..即使可卡因的使用确实增加了但是其他两种的使用却减少了,.
In the second place, the author assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaine is sufficient to bring about an increase in its use. While this is a tempting assumption, it is a problematic one. The presumption required to substantiate this view is that drugs users are not particular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not available, they will switch to whatever drug available--cocaine in this case. The assumption does not seem reasonable on its face. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not alike in their effects on users, nor are they alike in the manner in which they are ingested or in their addictive properties. This view that drug user's choice of drugs is simply a function of supply overlooks these important differences.
vigilant警惕的 vigilance alert drug traffickers贸易者商人干非法勾当的人
consequently consequent consequence marijuana heroin enforcement enforce implement ironically ironic cocaine the conclusion is on the ground that ...
trafficker presumably reasoning inadvertently advertently advertent intentional intentionally unintentional unintentionally flaw defect deficiency precedent precede predecessor preceding
thus leaving open the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated
23. The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council.
“Twenty years ago, only half of the students who graduated from Einstein High School went on to attend a college or university. Today, two thirds of the students who graduate from Einstein do so. Clearly, Einstein has improved its educational effectiveness over the past two decades. This improvement has occurred despite the fact that the school’s funding, when adjusted for inflation, is about the same as it was twenty years ago. Theremfore, we do not need to make any substantial increase in the school’s funding at this tie.”
20年前，einstein高中的毕业生只有一半继续上大学。现在他们有2/3的学生这样做了。很明显，在过去的20年里einstein提高了她的教学质量。尽管由于通货膨胀的影响，学校的资金和20年前一本一致，这一提高还是发生了。因此，我们不需要在现在实质性地提高学校的资金。
1.教学质量高低衡量标准不能仅仅以升学率.还要看学生的综合素质,其他的学术成果,动手能力,创造力等各个方面的表现.
2.升学率提高也不一定就是教学质量提高造成的.有可能国家或州本身的趋势就是这样的,相比之下该高中的提高可能还比较低.也有可能是该地区的高级中学减少而大学增多.
3.就算教学质量真的提高了也不能说提高资金供给是无用的.教学质量的提高很可能和学校自筹资金校友援助有很大关系.还有一种可能就是该校的总学生数减少,使得教学水平提高即如果增大资金投入,教学质量可能会有更大的提高.rise increase upsurge急剧的升高vague ambiguous obscure equivocal implicit obvious apparent evident unambiguous unequivocall statistic synonymous synonym antonym antonymous clarify clarification desirable quality compelling remarkable spectacular assessment evaluation adequate inadequate adequacy inadequacy
24. The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the manager of Mammon Savings and Loan.
“We believe that improved customer service is the best way for us to differentiate ourselves from competitors and attract new customers. We can offer our customers better service by reducing waiting time in teller lines from an average of six minutes to an average of three. By opening for business at 8:30 instead of 9:00, and by remaining open for an additional hour beyond our current closing time, we will be better able to accommodate the busy schedules of our customers. These changes will enhance our bank’s image as the most customer-friendly bank in town and give us the edge over our competition.” Mammon借贷的客服部门给经理的备忘录：
我们相信提高客服质量是把我们公司和竞争者区分开并吸引新的客户的最好方法。我们可以通过将平均6分钟的出纳队伍等待时间减少为平均3分钟来提供更好的服务。通过在8点半而非9点开始营业，通过比现在的时间晚一小时关门，我们可以更好的调节顾客的紧张的日程。这些改变回提升我们银行的形象为本镇对客户最友好的银行，并使我们超越我们的竞争者。
1.作者假定该银行和其他银行在其他方面都是相类似的，只有通过改善客户服务质量才能使自己和其他银行相区分，并且吸引新客户。但是很有可能在很多别的地方该银行和它的竞争者也是有区别的。例如：地理位置，提供的金融产品，规模，声誉，分支银行个数。
2.所提供的改善是否一定可以区分该银行和其他银行也不是定数.也许其他银行早就按所提出的方式提供服务,或者有潜在的打算.而且小镇的居民的生活习惯也可能使得这种改变事实上没有什么实际意义.
3.改变的成本和它的收益需要仔细的考虑.而且这有可能会影响原本使得该银行具有吸引力的特性.
differentiate competitor teller conveniently convenient attraction attractive attract sufficiently sufficient distinguish competitor competition compete necessarily feature
