雅思阅读结构文章分析!雅思阅读的考试文章，基本来源于国外的杂志、期刊等，不同的文章，在结构上也会有所不同，这些文章结构往往与题型也有着重要的联系。因此对于文章结构的了解也是雅思考生必须要了解的内容。
一、介绍类说明文的结构
判断文章类型最简单的方法是看标题，下面列举一些雅思真题集中介绍说明文的标题：
The truth about the environment (剑5 TEST 1 PASSAGE 3)
The nature and aims of archaeology (剑4 TEST 1 PASSAGE 2)
Johnson’s dictionary (剑5 TEST 1 PASSAGE 1)
William Henry Perkin (剑9 TEST 1 PASSAGE 1)
The life and work of Marie Curie (剑9 TEST 4 PASSAGE 1)
从上述列举的标题可以看出：介绍类文章的标题一般是确定性的名词短语，就某一现象或者事物进行描述性的介绍，具体文章结构如下：
-Introduce a phenomenon or a fact
-Detailed description: timeline / different aspects / logic development
-Summary /Look into the future
1. 开头段
介绍类说明文开头都是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性的语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。下面引用Johnson’s dictionary开头段：
For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There wasno standard ways of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.
此开头段，首先给出确切时间，concern、no standard ways、no agreement交代当时的问题，介绍当时的状况，而最后一句provided the solution引出主题。
2. Body段
介绍类说明文的Body段是对事物细节的展开描述。各种话题可以通过三种不同的方式展开:时间顺序类、并列或递进类、逻辑发展类。
(1) 时间顺序类如Johnson’s dictionary, 中间段的细节描述从段落开头和年份细节可以看出：
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past…
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class…
Johnsonsigned the contract for the Dictionary with a bookseller Robert Dosley… on 18 June 1764.
The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks…
After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775.
(2) 并列或递进类的中间段是从各个方面来细节叙述，例如The nature and aims of archaeology:
Archaeology, then, isboth a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study laboratory.
But how does archaeology relate to the disciplines such as anthropology and history that are also concerned with the human story?
Anthropology, at its broadest,is the study of humanity…
从以上摘录的段首可以看出，文章从考古学的定义，考古学和人类学的关系，人类学的定义，以及后文叙述的考古学的任务、考古学的研究途径等各个方面介绍说明。
(3) 逻辑顺序类，即按照逻辑发展顺序叙述，这种类型在自然环境类文章中尤其常见。而自然环境类的文章在雅思阅读考试中也是必考，如Global warming in New Zealand、海洋污染等。此类文章通常有较为固定的文章结构：
-Introduce a phenomenon
-Causes
-Impacts or effects brought by it
-Solutions/Look into the future
以下列举The truth about the environment的body段结构为例：
But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant… Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population… Third,…
Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause…
Oneis the…
Secondly,…
A third source of confusion is…
The forth factor is…
So what of global warming?
从以上段落开头的摘录中可以看出作者写作的逻辑很清晰。对环境现状的分析，对造成环境问题的因素分为四个要点剖析，对全球变暖的定义、成因和解决的分析，作者的逻辑清晰地体现在段落结构中。
二、论证类学术论文的结构
1. 实验类
实验类文章是论证类学术论文中比例最大的，下面列举一些真题集中的文章标题：
Effects of noise (剑 7 TEST 4 PASSAGE 3)
Early Childhood Education (剑 5 TEST 3 PASSAGE 1)
Telepathy (剑 8 TEST 1 PASSAGE 3)
The search for the anti-aging pill (剑5 TEST 3 PASSAGE 3)
Nature or Nurture? (剑 5 TEST 1 PASSAGE 2)
实验类文章的结构是：
-Aim/Purpose of the experiment
-Pre-experiment (subjects, tools, methods)
-Experiment process
-Results (collecting data)
-Analysis and synthesis
雅思阅读中，实验类文章的结构最为固定，基本遵循以上套路，这是因为实验类文章属于报告，行文规格相对严谨和单调。首先说明实验的来由和实验的目的，然后介绍实验前的准备工作，包括实验工具、实验主体、实验投资方等，接着进入实验过程的描述，会提到一个或多个研究人员的具体实验的内容或者分歧，最后说明实验结果，综合数据得出结论，无论什么实验，基本段落结构就是按照此顺序。
2. 报告论证类
逻辑论证类的文章指对某一课题展开讨论，此课题可能是悬而未决的，这是区别于介绍类说明文的重要一点。此类文章在雅思阅读中也很普遍。
以下列举几个剑桥真题集中的例子：
The true cost of food (剑7 TEST 2 PASSAGE 2)
Do literate women make better mothers? (剑6 TEST 4 PASSAGE 2)
Motivate employees under adverse conditions (剑6 TEST 3 PASSAGE 2)
Bullying (剑6 TEST 4 PASSAGE 3)
报告论证类文章的结构是：
-Introduce the topic / problem
-Literature review (optional)
-Present causes / reasons (optional)
-Writer’s opinions
-Supporting evidence
-Conclusions
这类文章结构上更接近论文，起始段导出议题，第二部分对议题进行文献综述，会有研究人员和数据的列举，介绍已有问题和观点和发起课题探讨的原因，第三部分引出作者的判断以及相关分论点和数据，最后是结论。在雅思阅读中，这类文章通常较难。
三、混合类文章的结构
此类文章在雅思阅读中出现的频率也颇高，常常文章前部分看似在写说明文，介绍某个物品，但是后半部分是在就这类物品进行好坏处的论证。通常的结构可总结为：
-Introduce the topic
-Detailed description
-Present causes / reasons
-Experts’ opinions
-Supporting evidence
-Conclusions
以下列举几个剑桥真题集中的例子：
Makete integrated rural transport project (剑7 TEST 2 PASSAGE 3)
The meaning and power of smell (剑8 TEST 2 PASSAGE 3)
Making every drop count (剑7 TEST 1 PASSAGE 2)
举Makete integrated rural transport project开头段为例：
Thedisappointing resultsof many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts torethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south-western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
Disappointing results导致rethink the strategy, 交代问题和状况。最后a request presented the opportunity… 引出主题，为下文介绍工程做铺垫。
四、 实战中的运用
了解了以上两大类文章的结构，解题就方便多了。雅思阅读考试中，主要有以下几大题型会涉及到段落结构的熟悉和掌握：
Ø List of headings
Ø Matching information in paragraphs
Ø Summary
上文提到的课题论证类文章The true cost of food, 这篇文章考察了4道段落细节配对题。下面来剖析文章结构对做段落细节配对题的帮助：
14. a cost involved in purifying domestic water
15. the stages in the development of the framing industry
16. the term used to describe hidden costs
17. one effect of chemicals on water sources
题目中标出的粗体字为审题重点，也是寻找细节的重点。段落细节配对题说白了就是找单词，难度在于题目中的单词在文章中并没有那么明显，一般有几种形式：原词、同义转换、词性转换、和具体抽象关系。其中，具体抽象关系是最多的。如果单从单词角度入手，便无从下手，浪费时间。以下结合文章段落结构分析：
快速阅读段落首尾：
B. First mechanism, then mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering- the onward march of intensive farming has seem unstoppable in the last half-century. 段首位置出现一系列先后顺序单词，并且出现15题关键词farming(原词出现)，march表示征程前进，和development对应。从段落结构可知这一段是关于农业的。
断尾：……while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of fertilizer run-off. 不难看出在段尾出现农业词汇fertilizer, 对应17题概括的chemicals, 并出现具体的lakes, 对应17题抽象的water sources。
C. Put it all together it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table…这一段和B段有明显联系，it指B段结尾描述的农业发展不当对环境的破坏，转折but后面说明消费者并没有在吃晚餐时联想到上文提到的环境破坏。That if mainly because the costs of all the damage are what the economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction. 经济学家的出现联系到16题的term术语，refer to as提及到，指的是，可理解为called的用法，一般后面加某个概念和专有名词。
E. The costs included: $120m for removal of pesticides, $16m for removal of nitrates, $55m for removal of phosphates and soil; $23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium form drinking water by water companies…段首的冒号和冒号后面的钱的列举，说明这一段会具体介绍各种花费，联系到14题a cost, removal表示“取出”对应purify, 出现原词drinking water, water company。
我们再来看看剑7 TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 Make every drop count。这篇文章是混合类说明文，文章结构按照逻辑顺序展开。下面分析一下其中的某些段落结构与Heading解题的关系：
C. Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; …do not have adequate sanitation services…water diseases kill…children…本段没有直接和选项对应的主题句。但是首句是总起句，可看出本段是负面的。因为文章按照逻辑顺序展开，此段的逻辑体现在总起句和后文的细节上，从粗体字体看出detail部分从各个aspects介绍所谓dark side, 所以结论是此段的Heading是有关于健康方面的。
D. The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health……20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened …destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems…degrade soil quality…本段首句extend beyond看出超过危害人类健康，是承上启下的过渡句。把握这点可推测本段也会介绍负面影响，只不过是其他方面的。虽然段落较长，但逻辑清楚，从不同方面讲同一个point, 即environmental effect。
以上就是为大家整理的“雅思阅读结构文章分析”，希望通过上述内容的整理，能够帮助大家更好的来备考雅思阅读考试。
