| 考试日期： | 2012年7月28日 |
| Reading Passage 1 | |
| Title: | 新西兰渔业涉及品种 |
| Question types: |
是非无判断 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 填空 |
| 文章内容回顾 |
新西兰本土渔业情况，从国外引入的新品种及其特点，本土鱼类的介绍等。 1. TRUE（新西兰native fish少）； 2. FALSE (new fish brought by Americans)； 3. NOT GIVEN (new fishes reach big size)； 4. FALSE； 5. FALSE； 6. NOT GIVEN； 7. bright light； 8. Australia； 9. river mouth； 10. (eel spawn in the) sea； 11. (the color) silver（10,11顺序不定）； 12. habitat； 13. trout； |
| 英文原文阅读 |
As with other countries, New Zealand’s 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone gives its fishing industryspecial fishing rights.[1] It covers 4.1 million square kilometres. This is the sixth largest zone in the world, and is fourteen times the land area of New Zealand itself.[2][3] The zone has a rich and unusually complex underwater topography. Over 15,000 marine species are known to live there, about ten percent of the world's diversity. Many of these are migratory species, but New Zealand's isolation means also that many of the marine species are unique to New Zealand.[4] New Zealand's wild fisheries captured 441,000 tonnes and earned over NZ$1 billion in exports in the fishing year 2006/07. The aquaculture ofmussels, salmon and oysters earned another $226 million. This made seafood the country’s fifth largest export earner.[5] There are about two tonnes of fish in the New Zealand fisheries for every New Zealander. Just under ten percent of this stock is harvested each year.[6] In the fishing year 2006/07, there were 1,316 commercial fishing vessels and 229 processors and licensed fish receivers, employing 7,155 people.[5] About 1.2 million or 31 percent of New Zealanders engage, at least occasionally, in recreational fishing with an annual recreational take of about 25,000 tonnes.[5] Traditionally New Zealand's fishing industry was an inshore one largely confined to the domestic market. From 1938 to 1963, there was a licensing system operating, involving gear and area controls.[7] Starting in the 1960s, the offshore waters, outside the then 12 nautical mile territorial sea, were exploited by Japanese, Taiwanese, South Korean, and Soviet trawlers.[8] In 1977 the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was established. These zones were established because countries wanted protection from foreign fishing vessels. Because New Zealand’s territory includes the Chatham Islands and other outer islands, its EEZ is 4.1 million square kilometres, the sixth largest fishing zone in the world. This was a huge resource, and expectations were high. The inshore fisheries had become over exploited, and the search was on for new offshore fisheries. New Zealand companies embarked on joint ventures with foreign companies. Trawling crews from other nations taught New Zealanders how to fish deep waters and in return got a share of the catch.[9] Deep-water trawling is highly mechanised and massive capital investment is normally required to operate modern factory trawlers. These ships process everything caught on board. Even the guts and heads are processed into fish meal, which is so valuable it is known as "brown gold". Elsewhere, major fisheries, such the northern hemisphere cod fisheries, were collapsing. Fishing companies in New Zealand were able to buy or lease the redundant trawlers cheaply. At the same time, the collapse of northern fisheries resulted in an unmet need in the world market for quality whitefish. Hoki and orange roughy from New Zealand were in demand.[9] In 1986 New Zealand became the first country to introduce a property-rights based Quota Management System (QMS) system.[10][11] There are currently (2008) 129 species which are targeted commercially. There are about 60 species groups with a QMS allowance for customary Māori fishers, with a similar number for recreational fishers. The fisheries are managed through the Fisheries Act 1996, which sets out the rules and regulations and the QMS administered by the Ministry of Fisheries.[12] By 2000, the industry had developed from being a domestic supplier to exporting over 90 percent of the fish harvest.[8] Coastal estuaries dot New Zealand's 15,000 km coastline. Coastal fisheries have access to a large continental shelf, and further afield are large continental rises. Together these relatively shallow fishing grounds occupy about thirty percent of the area of the EEZ. Yet further out in the deep ocean lie undersea mountain ranges and volcanoes, and deep oceanic trenches. The 10,000 metre deep Kermadec Trench is the second deepest trench on Earth.[4] [edit]High seas fishing The high seas are those areas of ocean that not covered by any country’s Exclusive Economic Zone. New Zealand has international obligations to ensure New Zealand flagged vessels are aligned with proper conservation and management of the high seas fisheries. These are met in Part 6A of the Fisheries Act 1996. These obligations come from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1995 Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement.[13] The Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed the Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, “undisturbed possession” of the fisheries until they chose to dispose of them to the Crown. They have been provided with a substantial stake in commercial fishing as part of the Treaty Settlement. After the quota management system was established, the government purchased back ten percent of the quota share and gave it to the Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission for the benefit of Māori. In 1992, the government allocated a cash settlement to Māori which they used to buy a half share of Sealord, the countries largest fishing company. In addition, the government has given Māori twenty percent of the commercial quota share of new species introduces to the quota management system, and the equivalent of twenty percent of all marine farming space created around New Zealand coasts and harbours. In 2004, Parliament approved the allocation of additional significant fisheries assets to iwi. Te Ohu Kai Moana is implementing this allocation. Māori have now built their commercial stake to the point where they control or influence more than thirty percent of the commercial fisheries. |
| 题型难度分析 | 第一篇的题型包括判断和填空。判断题题型本身不难，主要考察学生对考点词的敏感和经验。主要是区分FALSE和NOT GIVEN。填空题是考察四种鱼类的特点，是送分题，建议考生先做，定位词找的准确有益于做题。 |
| 题型技巧分析 |
是非无判断题是上半年度的重点题型，有顺序原则。 注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN。 解题步骤： 1. 速读句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等） 2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。 3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。
TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。 |
| 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 | 剑6Test 1 Delivering Goods |
| Reading Passage 2 | |
| Title: | Born for Trade 人类贸易天性 |
| Question types: |
List of heading 判断 Summary Completion 选择型 |
| 文章内容回顾 | 关于人类贸易的天性。讲人类从远古时期就有trade的天性，现代人的表现，举了两个遗迹的文物作证等内容。 |
| 英文原文阅读 |
FOR four billion years natural selection has rewarded self-interest. Those creatures that are good at looking after their own reproduction have, almost by definition, thrived at the expense of others. Curiously, however, over the same period, life has increasingly become a team game. Genes have gathered into bigger genomes, cells have clubbed together to become bodies, and in some species bodies have become social, allying themselves with other bodies within a colony. Thus, today, some of the most successful animals on Earth—human beings, ants and corals—are highly social, utterly dependent on the assistance and cooperation of their fellows. If natural selection chooses egotism, how can this possibly be? This conundrum is a modern relative of a question that has baffled philosophers for three thousand years: why do selfish individuals cooperate for the greater good of society? Put another way, why isn't society always destroyed by "cheats" who are happy to ...（节选） |
| 题型难度分析 | 这篇文章的难度比第一篇的难度稍高，题型种类也多一些。建议先做heading题，利于后面细节题。 |
| 题型技巧分析 |
标题配对题（List of headings）是雅思阅读中的一种重要题型，要求给段落找小标题。它一般位于文章之前，由两部分组成：一部分是选项，另一部分是段落编号，要求给各个段落找到与它对应的选项，即表达了该段中心思想的选项，有时还会举一个例子。当然，例子中的选项是不会作为答案的。 解题思路： 1. 将例子所对应的选项及段落标号划去 2. 划出选项中的关键词及概念性名词 3. 浏览文章，抓住各段的主题句和核心词（尤其是反复出现的核心词），重点关注段落首句、第二句与末句 4. 与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确答案 选择型summary题注意做完后复查所选择的词是否在语法上正确。 |
| 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 | 剑6 Inuit And Climate |
| Reading Passage 3 | |
| Title: | What Makes Happiness |
| Question types: |
配对题（7题） 填空 单选主旨题（问这篇文章的aim是什么） |
| 文章内容回顾 | 关于科学家研究大脑，也就是happiness的。填词的第一个是说一个科学家的实验分三组，当一组在reading的时候另外一组被给了什么，然后depression是说，现在日益增长的什么，题目和原文是同义替换，landscape的题目是在那个实验里，参与实验的人会被提供关于什么和动物的图片，原文是landscape和海豚，neutral那个是问什么是既不开心也不伤心。 |
| 英文原文阅读 |
What good is living to a ripe old age if you aren't able to be happy? In fact, happiness probably helps increase your life expectancy while making life worth living. But what makes people happy? That is a tough question that researchers have recently tackled. Searching for Happiness
There are excellent database of large-scale surveys that have been collected over decades. These databases allow researchers to address questions such as "What makes us happy?" By combing over 30 years of data from multiple sources, researchers have found some trends that make people happy and unhappy. Collectively, the researchers at the University of Maryland, led by John P. Robinson and Steven Martin used data from more than 30,000 people from 1975-2006. They looked at general surveys and time-use studies (studies that look at how people spend their time). Here is what they found:
In short, happy people read and socialize more while unhappy people watch more TV. In fact, very happy people watched 20% less television than unhappy people (controlling for education, age, income and other factors). Interestingly, while people are watching TV, they seem happy but in the long-term their happiness is lower than the people who watch TV less. So TV seems to be a short-term pleasure that leads to a long-term discontent. Most everything else was the same between happy and unhappy people.
The researchers go so far as to talk about TV as an addiction. People get their TV "fix" and feel good as long as the TV is on, but then they suffer from a kind of withdraw. Overall, their happiness is lessened by watching TV.
Another interesting finding was that unhappy people reported having more unwanted free time (51% to 19% of happy people). But they also reported feeling more rushed than happy people (35% to 23%). This is a contradiction - to both have more free time and feel more rushed. Personally, I don't understand what "unwanted free time" is. Free time sounds pretty darn desirable to me . . . Well, that seems clear -- turn off the TV. What I think is happening is that your brain has trouble separating TV from real life. You go through your day subconsciously thinking about TV characters and their lives and are distracted from appreciating the actual life you live in. I know that after I watch TV or a movie, my mind is racing to process and understand all the characters and stories. I think about them as I fall asleep, I dream about them. I find myself slipping into their speech patterns. It makes my real life seem pale and uninteresting in comparison. When I don't watch TV for a while, my own life starts getting more interesting as there is "room" in my brain for all the tiny and wonderful details that make life interesting and, well, happy. Try a TV fast for a week and just see what happens. |
| 题型难度分析 | 本篇文章还是以配对题作为主打题型，填空定位人名就能找到答案。最后一道主旨题也不难，A是讲开心为什么这么难，然后D是描述一个可以获得快乐的渠道，BC有一个是批判对于快乐的研究。 |
| 题型技巧分析 |
段落细节信息配对题 1. 无序 2. 注意有可能出现NB 3. 注意大量题目和原文的近义替换 段落细节配对难度较大，建议考生放在本篇文章所有题型的最后去做。做时注意切不可逐题去原文整篇文章搜寻答案，这样会导致文章来来回回看很多遍，耗时太长。 1. 划出所有题目的keywords, 同时考虑到有可能出现近义替换的词，有针对性的去原文寻找答案。比如：看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高频近义替换是be aware of, 看到reproduce想到copy。 2. 某些题目可以对题目进行细致的分析，预测所在段落（平时通过精读多多熟悉文章结构安排，了解行文模式） 3. 做题时以文章为基准，每看一段，浏览题目中的keywords是否与其相关。 |
| 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 | 剑4 Play is a serious business |
|
考试趋势分析和备考指导： 本次考试的题型配备很全面，四大题型----判断、summary、heading、matching皆有涉及，体现了雅思阅读考试的平衡性。小题型中的单选依然是每次考试的重点。话题的涉及面依旧是人文，科学皆俱，学会从结构上了解各种类型文章，不失为一个新的复习方向。比如最后一篇文章属于研究实验类文章，可参考剑桥真题系列中的类似文章。 1. 判断题在上半年中的出现频率和题量不可小觑。对于考点词的把握和敏感度需要通过做题不断累积。 2. 配对题的段落细节配对题体现了一定的难度，考生应在平时留心累积近义词，对该题型有所帮助。 3. 四大主流题型Matching, Heading, Summary, 判断在本次考试中均有体现，它们仍然是未来一段时间内阅读题型的方向。 4. 考生应利用已有的剑桥系列真题，除了做题之外，多加总结文章的考点，对一些高频话题的文章做精读。 |
