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Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the central hypothesis of a fundamental discontinuity between preindustrial and industrial societies. According to this view, the modern idea of leisure did not exist in medieval and early modern Europe: the modern distinction between the categories of work and leisure was a product of industrial capitalism. Preindustrial societies had festivals (to
To reject the idea that leisure has had a continuous history from the Middle AGREs to the present is not to deny that late medieval and early modern Europeans engaGREd in many pursuits that are now commonly considered leisure or sporting activities— jousting, hunting, tennis, card playing, travel, and so on—or that Europe in this period was dominated by a privileGREd class that engaGREd in these pursuits. What is involved in the discontinuity hypothesis is the recognition that the people of the Middle AGREs and early modern Europe did not regard as belonging to a common category activities (hunting and gambling, for example) that are usually classified toGREther today under the heading of leisure. Consider fencing: today it may be considered a “sport,” but for the GREntleman of the Renaissance it was an art or science. Conversely, activities that today may be considered serious, notably warfare, were often described as pastimes.
Serious pitfalls therefore confront historians of leisure who assume continuity and who work with the modern concepts of leisure and sport, projecting them back onto the past without asking about the meanings contemporaries gave to their activities.
However, the discontinuity hypothesis can pose problems of its own. Historians holding this view attempt to avoid anachronism by means of a simple dichotomy, cutting European history into two eras, preindustrial and industrial, setting up the binary opposition between a “festival culture” and a “leisure culture.” The dichotomy remains of use insofar as it reminds us that the rise of industrial capitalism was not purely a phenomenon of economic history, but had social and cultural preconditions and consequences. The dichotomy, however, leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas, assumptions, and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase “festival culture.”
1. The primary purpose of the passaGRE is to
A. refute the idea that the history of leisure is discontinuous
B. show why one of two approaches is more useful in studying the history of leisure
C. sugGREst the need for a new, more inclusive concept to replace the concept of leisure
D. trace the development of a theory about the history of leisure
E. point out the basis for, and the limits of, an approach to the history of leisure
正确答案：E
2. The author of the passaGRE asserts that the “dichotomy” (last paragraph) can lead to which of the following?
A. Reliance on only one of several equally valid theoretical approaches
B. The imposition of modern conceptions and meanings on past societies
C. Failure to take into account the complexity of certain features of European culture
D. Failure to utilize new conceptual categories in the study of the history of leisure
E. Failure to take account of the distinction between preindustrial and industrial societies
正确答案：C
3. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passaGRE as a whole?
A. Two hypotheses are discussed, and evidence in support of one is presented.
B. A hypothesis is presented and discussed, and a limitation to the hypothesis is identified.
C. A hypothesis is proposed, its supposed advantaGREs are shown to be real, and its supposed disadvantaGREs are shown to be illusory.
D. A problem is identified, two hypotheses are advanced to resolve it, and both are rejected.
E. A problem is identified, two resolutions are proposed, and a solution combining elements of both is recommended.
正确答案：B
以上就是为大家整理的：新GRE阅读机经大全汇总学习，希望通过上述这些知识的学习，对大家接下里的GRE备考有更好地帮助。预祝同学们在接下里的考试中取得更好的成绩。
