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【1】In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a largenumber of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact onBritain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing theimpact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldierswere always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empirewere not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence wasmuch more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of nativelands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. Theimposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in localgovernment, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. Thisthen meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
【2】 Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it verysubstantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large populationneeded food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, butdemands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, theywere usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When notcampaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentiallydangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns,digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particularwith the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
【3】 Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there wasinitially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thrivingeconomy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubtfulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in thisnew economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legallyentitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements actedlike small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
【4】 The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruitedfrom the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement afterservice in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from thearea in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment withinBritain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian(A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the totalpopulation, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the youngmen were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to anotherprovince from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most unitsraised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded inMorocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to liveafter their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character ofthe frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers)were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were nolonger populated or maintained at full strength.
【5】 This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with localrecruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier inthe later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation longafter Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth centuryA.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
托福阅读试题
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.
A.Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a stronginfluence.
B.The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the localeconomy improved.
C.Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.
D.With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerableeconomic strength.
2. According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas ofBritain that were
A.conquered first.
B.near population centers.
C.used as military bases.
D.rapidly incorporated into the empire.
3. According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the localpopulation?
A.It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previouslyundeveloped territory.
B.It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.
C.It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers’ animals.
D.It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.
4. The word “suppress” in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.respond to.
B.warn against.
C.avoid the impact of.
D.stop by force.
5. The word “friction” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.rebellion.
B.conflict.
C.neglect.
D.crime.
6. The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking,building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead”in paragraph 2 inorder to
A.describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyaltyor misdeeds.
B.illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved whennot involved in military campaigns.
C.provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performingjobs that had been performed by native workers.
D.argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction ofinfrastructure such as roads.
7. The phrase “entitled to” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.given the right to.
B.able to afford to.
C.encouraged to.
D.required to.
8. According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods andservices?
A.Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transactions took place within thefort.
B.Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visit the forts.
C.During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases.
D.They bought what they needed from the artisans and traders in nearby towns.
9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliaryregiments of the Roman army?
A.Membership in these regiments reached its highest point during the region of the emperorHadrian.
B.Most of the units recruited in Britain were sent to Morocco and other stations outside Europe.
C.Soldiers served in the regiments for many years and after retirement generally stayed wherethey had been stationed.
D.Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from aneighboring province.
10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontiergarrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:
A.Membership in the units passed from father to son.
B.Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts.
C.Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations.
D.Frontier units became more effective and proficient.
11. Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation longafter Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain”in paragraph 5 ?
A.To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier dependedon firm military control.
B.To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally givenup the right to do so.
C.To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even afterthey ceased to be of any military use.
D.To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of thelocal community over a long period.
12. The word “circumstances” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.experiences.
B.communities.
C.conditions.
D.laws.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? One solution was to keepthem busy as sources of labor.
Paragraph 2: Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought withit very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its largepopulation needed food and other supplies. ■【A】 Some of these were certainly brought fromlong distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. ■【B】 Although goodscould be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in thelocal economy. ■【C】 When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise theyrepresented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. ■【D】 Hence a writingtablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building abathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect onthe local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, whichimproved access to remote areas.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong to thesummary because they express ideas that are no presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The Roman army’s occupation of Britain influenced and changed the local population.
A.Although the presence of the army in certain areas caused resentment among the localpopulation, it provided important services such as building infrastructure.
B.By recruiting unemployed young men for its auxiliary units, the army made it possible forthem to stay in their home towns and provide financial support for their families.
C.Large quantities of cash from soldiers’ pay stimulated development, but also drove up prices,making it hard for local residents to afford goods and services.
D.Though the army appropriated land and some goods, it also paid for many supplies,stimulating local economic growth.
E.The forts contributed to the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant placeswho brought with them new skills and techniques.
F.Roman soldiers started families with local inhabitants, and over the generations, the militarycommunity became a stable part of British society.
托福阅读答案
1.原文in的部分是非主要成分，结构是军队呆在blabla，并且有影响，所以答案是A。B将原文的非重要成分awake，C将原文的非主要成分fortification变成了主要部分，改变了句子结构，都错;D的economicstrength原文没说，错。
2.以area和most influence做关键词定位至第四句，说军队一直驻扎的地方，其影响最深远，所以答案是C，作为军事基地的地方。B和D都明显不靠谱，A的conquer first最先占领并不一定是一直驻扎，军事基地才是。
3.以local population做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说军事驻扎剥夺了当地人参加政府的权力，使发展停滞，种下仇恨的种子，然后又说这种仇恨使军事驻扎持续，所以正确答案是B。A和C原文没说，D与原文相反。
4.，压制，所以stop by force是正确答案。从单词本身看，press是压，前缀表示加强，所以这个单词一定跟压这个意思相关，A与压完全无关，所以不对。原文说仇恨的种子种 下，使得军队必须留下怎样反抗，B警告和C避免反抗明显不足，D强力停止，。
5.friction摩擦，所以正确答案是B冲突。原文说当没有训练或者战事的时候，部队的人必须忙起来，否则就会成为什么的源头A反抗和D犯罪都太过了，军队不可能只要没事做就反抗或者犯罪，neglect完全不靠谱。
6.修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子只是单纯说出例子，所以不是答案，往前看，前面这句话上题已经读过，说士兵必须有事做，否则就会闹事儿，紧接着就给出343名士兵做着做那，所以343名士兵做事是士兵必须有事做的一个例子，所以答案是B。
7.entitle赋予权力，授权，所以正确答案是A。原句说当地人与军人之间有不正式的婚约，紧接着解释说直到AD 197法律才怎么样他们结婚，既然之前都是不正式的，也就是后来的应该是法律允许的，猜出允许之意，答案是A，B承担得起C鼓励D要求都不靠谱。
8.以goods and services做关键词定位至第三句，说远方来的人满足了士兵对于商品和服务的需求，正确答案是D。A的army和C的soldiers travel明显不对;B有一定迷惑性，但原文说一些本地人也参与其中，没说谁满足的多，所以大部分的need都是tradespeople满足的是错的。
9.以Britain’s auxiliary regiments做关键词定位至倒数第三句，注意第一句虽然有auxiliary regiment，但不是英国的，而是罗马的，所以不是第一句。原句说英国的部队都去了欧洲其他国家，有一个分队在摩洛哥，其他国家的部队来到英国，很多 人服役了20到25年之后留在英国，所以答案是C。A的Hardrian和D的neighboring province原文没说;B的most与原文相反，因为原文说只有一个分队被送到摩洛哥。
10.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的from father to son做关键词定位至最后一句的hereditary，正确，不选;B的fort做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选;C的transfer to different location做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选;D原文完全没说，所以错，选。
11.修辞目的题，修辞点所在句子单纯说了一个例子，而且it also explain也说明英国往前看，前一句说定居在一个地方需要经过若干代人，这种行为能够解释英国北部边界的稳定性，所以答案是D，其他的都没说。
12.circumstance环境，所以答案是C 的condition。原文说本地人变成罗马人的什么也使得自给自足的前线变的非常british，B本地人变成罗马人的社会是说不通的;原文完全没说到 法律的事儿，所以D的law也不对;A经历指的是已经经过的事情，但本地人变成罗马人不是一个事实，所以不对。
13.三个过渡点，名词source of labour，名词solution和词组keep them busy，keep them busy与occupied同义替换，所以C或者D正确;D之后的343 men与source of labour是同义替换，所以D是答案。
14.Although选项对应第二段最后一句，A正确。By recruiting选项中的unemployed men原文没说，B不选。Large quantity选项前半句正确，但后半句的drive up price原文没说，B不选。Though选项对应原文第二段，D正确。The forts选项原文没说，E不选。Roman选项对应原文第五段第一句，F正确。
托福阅读译文
【1】在公元1世纪罗马帝国成功征服不列颠之后，有大量军队驻守在这片新省区，这些军队的军营和城防以及他们参与当地经济都对英国产生了重要的影响。 评估军队对人口数量的影响要从士兵在国家内不均匀的分布开始讲起。那些很快就并入帝国的地区并未长期受到军队的影响。而那些保留军队的地区，军队的影响更大。建立军事基地需要征用当地的土地建造要塞，喂养并训练士兵的动物。实行军事统治也强行剥夺了本地领导参与政府事务的机会，因而社会的发展受到了阻碍，由此播下了不满的种子。这就意味着军队不得不维持对反叛的高压政策以及承担组织政府的责任。
【2】因为罗马军队有着强大的消费潜力，经济交流就显得非常重要。在当地，一个军事基地有两种影响，一方面大量的人口需要食物和其他供给。有些食物和供给确实是从远方带来的，但是需求不可避免地由本地承担。尽管这些商品可以强征，但是军队会给予报酬，这些都会刺激当地经济的发展。另一方面当没有战争时，士兵们需要有事可做，否则他们就会成为摩擦和叛变的潜在根源。因此4月25日的一块写字板说一个基地内343名士兵干着诸如做鞋，造浴室，操作炉子，挖泥土和铸铅之类的工作。这样的活动对当地有着显著的影响，特别是基础设施(如道路)的建设使得偏远地区的交通很便利。
【3】每一个士兵都会有报酬，但是在那些经济欠发达地区花不了那么多的钱。所以这些多余的钱迅速刺激了基地外的经济。一些服务和商品的需求毫无疑问是由外地的人来完成的，但是本地人当然也会卷入到这个新的经济体系中。士兵中出现了非正式婚姻，这种婚姻直到公元197年才得到了法律的承认，从而在这些军事基地周围发展出一些全新的社会群体。这些定居地就像城镇一样，成为了工匠和生意人的聚集地。
【4】军队还为当地征召的后备兵提供了个人升迁途径，一个人从后备队退役之后就可以成为世袭罗马公民。这样的人就是从这些驻地中特别招募而来，并且不列颠的招募规模特别的大。在哈德良皇帝(A.D. 117-138)统治时期总人数至少是12 500人，在公元80年时达到顶峰。尽管这只占总人口的一小部分，但当有大量年轻人离开一个地方时，这可能对当地有非常大的影响。新建立起来的军团通常会被转移到一个不可能回到原籍的省区。大多数不列颠的军团都去了欧洲大陆别的地方，尽管记载下来的只有摩洛哥一个地方。逆过程把年轻人带回英国，在英国很多士兵持续服务20到25年，这样又给驻守边境的人增添了四海为家的罗马情怀。在后罗马时期，前线卫戍部队很少调动，军团中的服务得到了有效的延续，而军事基地也没有人居住或者全力去维持。
【5】这种像群落一样的定居过程持续了好几代，再结合当地的士兵招募大概就是罗马帝国后期英国北部边境比较稳定的原因。这也解释了为什么五世纪初时这些军事基地在罗马已经不再统治英国之后依然存在。这种情况使得本地人罗马化的同时也使得在边境自给自足的军事组织英国化了。
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