2014年6月28，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助，祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩！
| eventual adj. 最终的 | initial adj. 最初的 | facilitate=make easier vt. 使便利 |
| advent n. 出现，到来 | encompass vt. 包围 | encompass=include v. 包含 |
| stationary adj. 固定的 | durable adj.耐久的 | dependable |
| utilize v. 利用 | virtually adv. 事实上；实际上 | adjacent |
| adjacent=neighboring a.毗邻的 | hence adv. 因此 |
irreversible=permanent adj.永久的 |
第一篇：
第一段：一群人迁移到某个地区。因为这个地方雨水少，所以就有那种方式来种植。第二段是第一种办法，建大坝，但是下大雨的话容易冲垮。
第三段：找个好点的地方永久居住。
第四段：打一枪换一个地方。但是要保证人口少好让地共来得及恢复。
第五段：地区全部种植之后互相分配收成好的地区给不好的地共分食物，。
第六段：唯一一个能保留千年的办法就是自给自足。
解析：问题及解决类的文章。解决方法还分为有效和无效两种。不能带着主观意识去妄自预测文章内容走势。一定要做到忠于并彻底读懂原文。
相关背景：
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming.
Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5000 years, and was the basis of the economy and society of numerous societies, ranging from Asia to Arizona.
North America
Main article: Hohokam
In North America, the Hohokam were the only culture to rely on irrigation canals to water their crops, and their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by AD 1300. The Hohokam constructed an assortment of simple canals combined with weirs in their various agricultural pursuits. Between the 7th and 14th centuries, they also built and maintained extensive irrigation networks along the lower Salt and middle Gila rivers that rivaled the complexity of those used in the ancient Near East, Egypt, and China. These were constructed using relatively simple excavation tools, without the benefit of advanced engineering technologies, and achieved drops of a few feet per mile, balancing erosion and siltation. The Hohokam cultivated varieties of cotton, tobacco, maize, beans and squash, as well as harvested an assortment of wild plants. Late in the Hohokam Chronological Sequence, they also used extensive dry-farming systems, primarily to grow agave for food and fiber. Their reliance on agricultural strategies based on canal irrigation, vital in their less than hospitable desert environment and arid climate, provided the basis for the aggregation of rural populations into stable urban centers.#p#副标题#e#
第二篇：
地球能源循环系统
讲的是那个地球能源有内部能源和外部能源。
主要收集太阳光照(占了地球能源很大比例)
还做了对比说人类所消耗的能源是什么什么数(与地球内部能源比起来微不足道)(这有老师问为什么提人类消耗的能源)
有一段讲月亮与地球之间的牵引导致了潮汐(这也有考题 问月亮对地球的影响 有一个超级逗比的模糊选项说月球导致地球潮汐之后使得地球上的海岸线重新形成。。。)
还有一段讲的是云啊什么的作用 在说明地球没有全部吸引光能 40%被折射回去 吸收的之后各种转化 最后又回到太空。
这里有几道老师：1. 如果云多了地球会怎样 答案一定是反射回去的能量多了呗
2. 吸收的过程是怎么样的 答案应该是复杂的
貌似2. 是个单词题
解析：此类分类型文章，需要关注各分类项目下的内容条目。用结构化阅读的方法做好笔记，最后的主旨题比较容易从正向选出，节省宝贵时间。
相关背景：
Earth's energy budget
[From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]
Earth's climate is largely determined by the planet's energy budget, i.e., the balance of incoming and outgoing radiation. It is measured by satellites and shown in W/m2.
Earth's energy budget or Earth's radiation balance, describes the net flow of energy into Earth in the form of shortwave radiation and the outgoing infrared radiation out to space.
The Earth's equilibrium surface temperature is defined by radiative equilibrium, the balance between the incident and outgoing radiation budget. Climate change is defined by changes in Earth's energy budget.
Outgoing, longwave flux radiation at the top-of-atmosphere (Jan 26-27, 2012). Heat energy radiated from Earth (in watts per square meter) is shown in shades of yellow, red, blue and white. The brightest-yellow areas are the hottest and are emitting the most energy out to space, while the dark blue areas and the bright white clouds are much colder, emitting the least energy.
Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions. Earth’s heat engine, are the coupled processes of the atmosphere and hydrosphere to even out solar heating imbalances through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds, and ocean circulation. The Earth's energy balance will depend on many factors, with the incident absorption varying with atmospheric and surface factors including cloud cover (albedo), snow cover, atmospheric aerosols, and vegetation and land use patterns, and the outgoing radiation also varying with atmospheric and surface emissivity. These factors all vary with time.
Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget changes do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia (slow response) of the oceans and cryosphere to react to the new energy budget. The net heat flux is buffered primarily in the ocean heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between incoming and outgoing radiative forcing and climate response.
When the amount of the solar energy reaching Earth equals the thermal energy amount being radiated out, the radiative forcings are in a state of radiative equilibrium or balance.
Incoming radiant energy (shortwave)
The total amount of energy received by Earth's atmosphere is normally measured in watts and determined by the solar constant. Earth incoming solar radiation depends on day-night cycles and the angle at which sun rays strike, thus calculated by its cross section and distribution on the planets surface, calculated with 4·π·RE2, in sum one-fourth the solar constant (approximately 340 W/m2, plus or minus 2 W/m2). Since the absorption varies with location as well as with diurnal, seasonal, and annual variations, numbers quoted are long-term averages, typically averaged from multiple satellite measurements.
Of the ~340 W/m2 of incident solar radiation intercepted by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m2 is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m2 is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving about 240 W/m2 of solar energy input to the Earth's energy budget.
Earth's internal heat and other small effects
The geothermal heat flux from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts. This comes to 0.087 watt/square meter, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.
There are other minor sources of energy that are usually ignored in these calculations: accretion of interplanetary dust and solar wind, light from distant stars, the thermal radiation of space. Although these are now known to be negligibly small, this was not always obvious: Joseph Fourier initially thought radiation from deep space was significant when he discussed the Earth's energy budget in a paper often cited as the first on the greenhouse effect.
Outgoing radiant energy (longwave)
Of the incident solar energy, about 77 W/m2 is absorbed in the atmosphere, and the remainder by the surface (both land and ocean). Heat energy is then transported between surface, ocean, and atmosphere by infrared radiated by the planet surface layers (land and ocean) to the atmosphere, and from the atmosphere to the surface; and transported via evapotranspiration (84.4 W/m2, the latent heat) or conduction/convection (18.4 W/m2) processes. Ultimately, the energy is then radiated in the form of thermal infrared radiation back into space.
Earth's energy imbalance
If the incoming energy flux is not equal to the outgoing thermal (infrared) radiation, the result is an energy imbalance, resulting in net heat added to the planet (if the incoming flux is larger than the outgoing). Earth's Energy Imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats detected accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC) in the recent decade. The estimated imbalance is 0.58± 0.15 W/m2.
Several satellites have been launched into Earth's orbit that indirectly measure the energy absorbed and radiated by Earth, and by inference the energy imbalance. The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) project involves three such satellites: the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), launched October 1984; NOAA-9, launched December 1984; and NOAA-10, launched September 1986.
Today the NASA satellite instruments, provided by CERES, part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), are especially designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) to the Earth's surface.#p#副标题#e#
第三篇：印刷
第二段说某个国家好像是印度。。。他们的造纸很脆弱但比欧洲便宜，用的是old rag之后进行工艺(这有考题)
第三段是印刷术是由中国传到欧洲的
后面几段就一直在说活字印刷对出版的方便性
举例说了一家法国最开始的公司之前雇人手抄各种书籍(有数字列举)之后用了这种活字印刷产量大增 最初发行的七百多本圣经成为了最贵的书籍
Movable type
Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).
The world's first known movable type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D. by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127); When this technology spread to Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty in 1234, they made the metal movable-type system for printing. This led to the printing of the Jikji in 1377, the oldest extant movable metal print book. The diffusion of both movable-type systems was, however, limited: They were expensive, and required an enormous amount of labour involved in manipulating the thousands of ceramic tablets, or in the case of Korea, metal tablets required for scripts based on the Chinese writing system, which have thousands of characters.
Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented an improved movable type mechanical printing system in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. The more limited number of characters needed for European languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony—the same components still used today.
For alphabetic scripts, movable-type page setting was quicker and more durable than woodblock printing. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The printing press was especially efficient for limited alphabets. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly. The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the Renaissance and due to its effectiveness, its use spread around the globe.
The 19th-century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century.
