2016年12月17日的雅思考试已经结束，为了便于大家进行雅思学习，小编为大家带来了2016年12月17日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析，大家可以对以下阅读题目进行练习，顺便了解一下自己的备考水平。
passage1：家庭替代疗法
2016年12月17日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析passage2：影响孩子成长的因素
The Impact of Environment to Children
A
What determines how a child develops? In reality, it would be impossible to account for each and every influence that ultimately determines who a child becomes. What we can look at are some of the most apparent influences such as genetics, parenting, experiences, friends, family relationships and school to help us understand the influences that help contribute to a child's growth.
B
Think of these influences as building blocks. While roost people tend to have the same basic building blocks, these components can be put together in an infinite number of ways. Consider your own overall personality. How much of who you are today was shaped by your genetic inheritance, and how much is a result of your lifetime of experiences? This question has puzzled philosophers, psychologists and educators for hundreds of years and is frequently referred to as the nature versus nurture debate. Generally the given rate of influence to children is 40 % to 50%. It may refer to all of siblings of a family. Are we the result of nature (our genetic background) or nurture (our environment)? Today, most researchers agree that child development involves a complex interaction of both nature and nurture, while some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by biology, environmental influences may also play a role. For example, the timing of when the onset of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such as nutrition can also have an effect.
C
The From the earliest moments of life, the interaction of heredity and the environment works to shape who children are and who they will become. While the genetic instructions a child inherits from his parents may set out a road map for development, the environment can impact how these directions are expressed, shaped or event silenced. The complex interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at certain periods of time; it is persistent and lifelong.
D
The shared environment (also called common environment) refers to environmental influences that have the effect of making siblings more similar to one another. Shared environmental influences can include shared family experiences, shared peer groups, and sharing the same school and community. In general, there has not been strong evidence for shared environmental effects on many behaviors, particularly those measured in adults. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Shared environmental effects are evident in children and adolescents, but these effects generally decrease across the life span. New developments in behavior genetic methods have made it possible to specify shared environments of importance and to tease apart familial and nonfamilial sources of shared environmental influence. It may also refer to all of siblings of a family, but the rate of influence is less than 10 per cent.
E
The importance of non-shared environment lay hidden within quantitative genetic studies since they began nearly a century ago. Quantitative genetic methods, such as twin and adoption methods, were designed to tease apart nature and nurture in order to explain family resemblance. For nearly all complex phenotypes, it has emerged that the answer to the question of the origins of family resemblance is nature-things run in families primarily for genetic reasons. However, the best available evidence for the importance of environmental influence comes from this same quantitative genetic research because genetic influence never explains all of the variance for complex phenotypes, and the remaining variance must be ascribed to environmental influences. Non-shared environment, it may refer to part of siblings of a family, the rate of influence to children is 40 % to 50%.
F
Yet it took many decades for the full meaning of these findings to emerge. If genetics explains why siblings growing up in the same family are similar, but the environment is important, then it must be the case that the salient environmental effects do not make siblings similar. That is, they are not shared by children growing up in the same family-they must be 'non-shared'. This implication about non-shared environmental import lay fallow in the field of quantitative genetics because the field's attention was then firmly on the nature-nurture debate. 'Nurture' in the nature-nurture debate was implicitly taken to mean shared environment because from Freud onwards, theories of socialization had assumed that children's environments are doled out on a family-by-family basis. In contrast, the point of non-shared environment is that environments are doled out on a child-by-child basis. Note that the phrase 'non-shared environment' is shorthand for a component of phenotypic variance-it refers to 'effects' rather than 'events', as discussed later. Research in recent years suggested that the impact from parents will be easy to be interrupted by the influence from the children of the same age .That also showed that variations of knowledge that children get from other culture is increasing. A number of interests between, whatever, fathers and mothers or parents and their children are conflicting.
G
Because siblings living in the same home share some but not all of the potential genetic and environmental factors that influence their behaviors, teasing apart the potential influences of genetic and non-genetic factors that differentiate siblings is very difficult. Turkheimer and Waldron (2000) have noted that non-shared environmental influences——which include all of the random measurement error——may not be systematic, but instead may operate idiosyncratically and in ways that cannot be ascertained. Thus, the question is whether or not quasi-experimental behavioral genetic designs can be used to actually identify systematic non-shared environmental mechanisms cross sectionally and longitudinally. This is the impetus for the current study.
Questions 14-18
Complete the table now. Choose No More Than Three Words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Type of Impact to ChildrenRange of Reference to SiblingsRate of Influence
14 background from parents and familyIncluding to all of siblings40%-50%
Shared Environment to 15 less than 16
17 to part of siblings 18 -50%
Questions 19-21
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More Than Three Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
Research in recent years illuminated that the impact from parents will frequently be 19 by the peers pressure. It was also indicated that 20 of knowledge that children learned from other culture is increasing. Study has found quantities of competing 21 between parents and children or even between parents themselves.
Questions 22-25
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
22. The more children there are in a family, the more impacts of environment it is.
23. Methods based on twin studies still meet unexpected differences that can not be ascribed to be purely genetic explanation.
24. Children prefer to speak the language from the children of the same age to the language spoken by their parents.
25. The Study of non-shared environment influence can be a generally agreed idea among researchers in the field.
Questions 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet
26 According to this passage, which comment is TURE about the current Study of non-shared environment influence to children
A. a little biased in nature
B. not sufficiently proved
C. very systematic
D. can be workable
文章题目：环境对孩子的影响
篇章结构
体裁论说文
题目环境对孩子的影响
结构A段：决定孩子成长的影响因素
B段：后天环境对孩子成长的影响
C段：后天环境决定孩子的将来和一生
D段：共同环境影响的介绍
E段：非共同环境影响的介绍
F段：非共同环境影响的重要性
G段：问题促进研究的进行
试题分析
Question 14-26
题目类型：
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
14
Background,
parents,
family
A段最后一句话
A段最后一句话提到“最明显的影响比如：genetics，parenting，experiences，friends，family relationships and school...”,14空格处应填形容词，注意genetics得转换成形容词，因此答案为: genetic。
15
Shared environment
D段
根据Shared environment定位到D段，D段最后一句“it may also refer to all of siblings of a family”，因此15空格答案为“ all of siblings”。
16
Shared，
rate，
influence
D段最后一句
根据定位词定位到D段最后一句，因此答案为：10%。
17
Part of siblings
E段
由于空格17没有其他词，根据定位词定位到E段，E段都在讲Non-shared environment，再纵向看上面一格为shared environment，因此答案确定为: Non-shared environment。
18
Non-shared environment，-50%
E段最后一句
根据定位词定位到E段最后一句，因此答案为：40%。
19
Impact from parents，
the peers
F段倒数第三句
根据19空格后的the peers我们可以知道在F段有提到过“of the same age”，再根据其他定位词确定该处填写的答案应为文中的：“interrupted”。
20
Knowledge，
increase
F段倒数第二句
根据定位词找到F段倒数第二句，发现几乎一样的句子，因此空格处答案为：variations。
21
Competing，
between
F段最后一句
21空格前为“competing(抵触的)”对应F段最后一句话的conflicting，再具体看原文最后一句话讲的就是父母之间(fathers and mothers )或父母与孩子之间(or parents and their children)的利益冲突,因此此处答案为：interests。
22
The more children,
the more impacts
D,E段
文章讲兄弟姐妹的主要在D,E段，但这两段都没有提到“兄弟姐妹越多，孩子受到环境的影响越大”,因此本句话并未提及，答案为：NOT GIVEN。
23
Twin studies
E段
E段倒数第二句话however后半句because所在句子意思为：因为单纯基因的影响不能解释所有的复杂表现型行为的差异...，“never explains all of...the remaining...environmental influences”对应23句子中的“can not... purely genetic explanation”,因此本句话正确，答案为：YES。
24
language
F段
文章并没有提到language,与其相近的只有在F段提到了culture，但是和language还是有区别的，因此24的内容在全文并未提及，答案为：NOT GIVEN。
25
Non-shared environment
E段
E段倒数第二句话明确提到“genetic influence never explains all of the variance for...”,因此25这句话中的“...can be a generally agreed idea among...”错误，因此答案为：NO。
26
Non-shared environment
E段倒数第二句话
根据定位词找到文中对应点，即E段倒数第二句话提到“never explains all of ”，即不能解释所有的，因此答案选B，“并没有得到充分证明”。
参考译文：
A
什么决定孩子的发展?在现实生活中，不可能找出每一个会决定孩子发展的影响因素。我们所能看到的是一些最明显的影响因素，像是基因，父母教育，经验，朋友，家庭关系以及学校，它们可以帮助我们理解到哪些影响会帮助孩子成长。
B
我们试着把这些影响因素看成是积木，尽管很多人随扈有着相同的基础积木，但这些元件可以有无限多种可能性的摆放方法。试着综合你自己的总体个性想象，你现在的样子有多大部分是你的遗传基因决定的?你现在的样子有多大部分是你的人生阅历决定的?这个问题已经困扰了很多哲学家，心理学家和教育学家上百年，也就是一直备受争议的“天性还是教养”的问题。总的来说，这对孩子的既定影响率是40%-50%，这种影响可能是指家里的所有兄弟姐妹产生的。我们现在的样子究竟是天性使然(我们的基因)还是后天的教养(我们所处的环境)造成的?当今很多研究者认同一点，孩子的发展设计一系列天生和后天环境的复杂的相互作用。尽管孩子发展的有些方面受到生物学方面很强的影响，环境影响的作用也是不可忽视的。比方说，孩子的青春期的开始时间很大程度上取决于遗传因素，但是后天环境因素比如说营养也对其有一定的影响。
C
在生命之初，遗传和后天环境的相互作用一起决定孩子的当下和将来的发展。基因通过从父母的遗传为孩子未来之路提供一张地图，但是后天环境会影响这些如何实现以及成型。这种天生和后天环境的复杂的相互作用不是在孩子一生的某些特定时刻或是特定时期发生，而是持续一生之久。
D
共同环境是指让家里弟兄姐妹更加相似的环境影响。共同环境影响包括共同的家庭经历，共同的同龄人同伴，以及共同的学校和社区。总体而言，有证据表明共同的环境影响会对人的很多行为有影响，尤其是对成年人来讲。大家一直在讨论造成这种结果可能的原因。共同的环境影响对小孩和青少年的影响是不言而喻的，但是随着他们年龄的增长，这种影响呈递减趋势。随着测量基因对行为影响的方法不断有新的发展，辨别具体的共同环境对孩子的影响的重要性变为可能，并且可以弄清楚共同环境影响哪些是来自家族或非家族遗传的影响。共同环境可能包括一个家庭中的所有兄弟姐妹，但是这方面的影响仅仅占到不到10%。
E
直到一个世纪前，定量基因学研究的出现，才让非共同环境影响的重要性凸显出来。定量基因学研究方法，比如双胞胎和领养，是为了进一步弄清楚天生和后天环境的影响以便来解释家庭的相似性。几乎所有的复杂的表现型行为来说，具有家族相似性，而在家族中这种天然的遗传性的来源主要是家族内部基因。但是最好的对后天环境影响的重要性的解释恰恰也来自同样的定量基因研究，因为单纯基因的影响不能解释所有的复杂表现型行为的差异，剩下的一些差异存在的原因只有归于后天环境的影响。非共同环境指的是家庭里的部分弟兄姐妹带来的影响，此环境对孩子的影响占到40%-50%.
F
但是直到好几十年后，人们才逐渐明白这些研究发现的全部意义。如果说基因可以解释为什么成长与同一个家庭里的弟兄姐妹具有相似性，那么后天环境的重要性就在于它可以解释为什么这些对熊姐妹具有差异性。也就是，这种关于非共同环境的解释一直没有在定量基因研究方面得到重视，因为以前定量基因研究一直致力于解决“天性还是教养”之争。“天生和教养”之争中的“教养”曾经一度被认为是指共同的生活环境，因为子Freud之后，关于社会化的理论假定孩子个体为基础单位的。与此相对，非共同环境被认为是以每个孩子个体为基础单位的。请注意“非共同环境”这个术语是显性变化构成部分的缩写，是指“影响”而非“事件”，正如接下来要谈到的。近些年来的研究表明，来自父母对孩子的影响很容易被来自同龄人对孩子影响的干扰。同时也表明孩子从其他文化中获得的知识的差异性也在不断增加。很多父母之间或是父母和孩子之间的许多利益往往是冲突的。
G
因为住在同一个家庭里的兄弟姐妹共享一些而非全部能够影响他们行为的基因和环境因素，所以完全分清楚使得兄弟姐妹不同的基因和非基因因素是很困难的。Turkheimer和Waldron(2000)提出，非共同环境影响包括全部随机测量错误，不是呈系统性的，而是呈现特殊性而且是不确定的。因此，对于准实验的测定基因对行为影响的设计是否能设计确认系统的非共同环境影响在分段区间和纵向区间的工作机制是值得质疑的。这也正是推动现行这类研究的动力。
参考答案：
Version 21402 主题 遗传对孩子的影响
14 Genetic
15 all of siblings
16 10%
17 Non-shared environment
18 40%
19 interrupted
20 variations
21 interests
22 NOT GIVEN
23 YES
24 NOT GIVEN
25 NO
26 B
passage3：关于棱皮海龟turtles的研究
以上是小编为大家分享的2016年12月17日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析，希望能够对大家有帮助。
