2016年11月5日托福阅读真题词汇题：
Anxious=worry
Ongoing Pragmatic=practical
Complexity
Massively
Highlight
Emergency=appearance
Enduring=lasting
2016年11月5日托福阅读真题第一篇：
题材划分：生物类
主要内容：The Cambrian Explosion
主要讲了为什么Cambrian时代物种大爆发，进化快，以及为什么之后没有物种爆发。先说了Cambrian时代之前物种进化的很慢，之后在Cambrian一开始就飞速进化，造成这个原因有Cambrian时代氧气比以前多，基因的复杂性的显现，气候终于合适了，以及没有捕食者。最后一段说，之后再也不会有物种大爆发的时代了。原因一是之后捕食者也同样强大，会吃掉新物种，原因二是因为物只能在body plan的基础上进化，不会有新的body structure, 原因三是基因的局限。
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TPO-5 The Cambrian Explosion
相关文章：
The Cambrian explosion, or less commonly Cambrian radiation, was the relatively short evolutionary event, beginning around 541 million years ago in the Cambrian period, during which most major animal phyla appeared, as indicated by the fossil record. Lasting for about the next 20–25million years, it resulted in the divergence of most modern metazoan phyla. Additionally, the event was accompanied by major diversification of other organisms. Prior to the Cambrian explosion, most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 to 80 million years, the rate of diversification accelerated by an order of magnitudeand the diversity of life began to resemble that of today. Many of the present phyla appeared during this period, with the exception of Bryozoa, which made its earliest known appearance in the Lower Ordovician.
The Cambrian explosion has generated extensive scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the “Primordial Strata” was noted as early as the 1840s, and in 1859 Charles Darwin discussed it as one of the main objections that could be made against the theory of evolution by natural selection. The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly, without precursor, centers on three key points: whether there really was a mass diversification of complex organisms over a relatively short period of time during the early Cambrian; what might have caused such rapid change; and what it would imply about the origin of animal life. Interpretation is difficult due to a limited supply of evidence, based mainly on an incomplete fossil record and chemical signatures remaining in Cambrian rocks.
Phylogenetic analysis has been used to support the view that during the Cambrian radiation, metazoans evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
2016年11月5日托福阅读真题第二篇
题材划分： 艺术类
主要内容：Early Photography in the United State
主要讲的是美国的照相技术，起先是D技术，乡村和城市都流传(铁匠等手艺人也要利用新技术[有题])，但是D不能复制，之后有了新photo技术，可以大批复制，满足了增长的需求;又因为有了文化的作用，因为别人认为照相可以显示出一个人的真实的内在，在城市化进场中起了重要的作用。最后一段讲照相艺术馆，那个馆长遨请了名人照相，吸引了很多人的参观[出题]。
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TPO-22 The Birth of Photography
相关文章：
The first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825. In 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i.e., of the image of a real-world scene, as formed in a camera obscura by a lens).
View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826 or 1827, the earliest surviving camera photograph
Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long exposure (at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with Louis Daguerre, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy.
Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive silver halides, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by iodine vapor, developed by mercury vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated salt water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839.
2016年11月5日托福阅读真题第三篇
题材划分： 历史类
主要内容：Adopting Roman Values
主要讲的是罗马的影响，前面讲的是教育，在边远地区的人都可以变成罗马拉丁文化的大师[有题]，后面讲的建筑，尽管罗马派来了罗马人传播罗马生活，但建筑都是本地居民按照自己的理解修的，，实现居民自治，最后讲了各个罗马管辖权也有详细的宪法[有题]。
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TPO-7 Ancient Rome and Greece
相关文章：
The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history. At its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres, a territory composed of 48 nations in the 21st century. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the world's entire population. The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language, culture, religion, inventions, architecture, philosophy, law and forms of government on the empire's descendants. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state, and the Holy Roman Empire. By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance, and their descendant states, Greco-Roman & Judaeo-Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale, playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world.
