很多考生通过做
第一篇：
题材划分：经济类文章
主要内容：
commercial 革命的影响
背景知识：
14、15世纪的地理大发现，对欧洲的乃至世界的经济生活产生了巨大影响，商业革命即是其中之一。其表现为：世界市场的拓展、商品种类的增多、商业贸易中心的转移、商业强国的崛起和价格革命。新航路开辟后，世界上原本相互隔绝的地区沟通起来，欧洲际贸易日益拓展，出现了全球性的经济关系，世界市场逐渐形成。如美洲以种植业为主，生产大量的烟草、砂糖、咖啡及棉花，并销往欧洲等地;其所必需的日用品如粮食、布匹等却需从欧洲进口，同时种植园的发展对劳动力的需求增大，三角贸易因此繁荣起来;亚洲的茶叶、丝绸、瓷器和香料等奢侈品也出现在全球各地。在洲际贸易中，处于中心地位的是西欧，他们驾驶船只穿梭于各地，通过控制商业和航运业大发横财，这种世界体系的形成从一开始就带有强烈的不平等因素。 世界市场的拓展使新的商品出现在各国市场上，引起了广泛的物种交流：欧洲人从把旧大陆的牛、马、羊及他们的农作物(麦子、葡萄、甘蔗、洋葱等)带到了新大陆;而美洲的农作物也传播到了欧亚大陆，如高产的玉米、甘薯、马铃薯等，还有花生、豆类、西红柿等，这些食物极大的丰富整个世界的食物资源，到21世纪初仍然是人类的基本食物;原产美洲的烟草、可可等农作物已经遍布世界各地，成为人们生活中的必需品。
解析：整体文章结构清晰，对比清楚，考生只要抓住各段主旨即可。学生如果
有这方面的背景知识也可帮助做题。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO10- Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
TPO16- Trade and the Ancient Middle East
相关文章：
In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.
Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.
Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.
Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.
More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts,
textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealth invested to create more wealth).
第二篇
题材划分：社科类文章
主要内容：
欧洲context 的scientific revolution
解析：
就文章题材而言，是考生相对不是很陌生的话题，就阅读而言不存在太大的问题，放好心态即可。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO6- Powering the Industrial Revolution
TPO26- Energy and the Industrial Revolution
相关文章：
For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the
steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.
The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.
第三篇
题材划分：地理地质类文章
主要内容：
三种地球能量循环
相关背景知识：
地球内部能量通过地幔物质的对流向地表传递能量，大陆版块飘移、火山喷发都是这种能量的体现。
地球外部即地表和大气能量以红外线方式向外层空间幅射能量;此外，大气层的气象活动也是外部能量的表现，比如台风、季风以及大气环流。
解析：
就整体的文章结构来看，考生可通过阅读对应的TS句来了解段落的大意，相对比较容易把握，题目难度也不高，基本上都可以从原文中找到对应的信息点。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO7—The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
TPO 21-Geothermal Energy
相关文章：
Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
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