很多考生做了
Lecture 1
建筑。关于影响城市建设的因素。举例曼哈顿的高楼位置，很多人觉得和ecology有关，这里特别说了中央公园可以看到地基(有题)，生态不是唯一因素，比如纽约哪哪就建在deep的地基上。其他因素也会影响。比如地价还有社会经济因素，有些建筑在离public transportation近的地方，还提到自然光要好，因为以前灯都特别暗，开很多灯温度会升高，会特别热。
-TPO部分对应参考 (城市规划TPO11-L2/TPO13-L1)
-参考背景
Urban planning (urban, merged urban regions, regional, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation and distribution networks.
Urban planning guides and ensures the orderly development of settlements and satellite communities which commute into and out of urban areas or share resources with it. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public
consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.
A plan can take a variety of forms including strategic plans, comprehensive plans, neighborhood plans, regulatory and incentive strategies, or historic preservation plans. Planners are often also responsible for enforcing the chosen policies.
The modern origins of urban planning lie in the movement for urban reform that arose as a reaction against the disorder of the industrial city in the mid-19th century. Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from decline. Alternatively, it can concern the massive challenges associated with urban growth, particularly in the Global South.
In the late 20th century, the term sustainable development has come to represent an ideal outcome in the sum of all planning goals.
Lecture 2
关于speciation产生原因，有physical 和human influence两种原因。举了一种鸟的例子，选它是因为对它声音研究很久了，以前的和现在有区别。做实验发现female对于modern ones的声音反应更强烈。
-TPO部分对应参考 (生命科学TPO11-L1/TPO4-L1)
-参考背景
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.
There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another:
allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments.
All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.
One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last ice age, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.
Conversation 2
学生在career service center咨询。之前在餐馆工作过，想找一份和专业child care相关的工作。工作人员说工资比较低而且会work at night。学生说可以，工作人员帮忙联系了director。
-TPO部分对应参考 (打工求职TPO6-C1/TPO18-C1)
-TPO对应词汇
校内工作，课外活动
及寻找经济援助：
Letter of reference/recommendation
Competitive
Benefit future career
Field research
Collect data for papers
Waiter, waitress，Babysitter
Work at the library
Qualification资格, qualified 合格的
Resume, CV
financial aid经济援助
Scholarship Fellowship
Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金
Research assistantship 研究奖学金
Grant 助学金
Loan 贷款
Need-based以需求为基础
Merit-based 以优秀为基础
Student union 学生会
Clubs 俱乐部
Membership 成员资格
Career service
Lecture 3
电影拍摄手法。Editing就是剪片子，怎么把一个场景和另一个场景连接起来，这个很难，设计到空间和时间的问题。说了一个人特别有名会剪片子，最出名的例子就是一个小短片，先是actor，再到children，他的技巧特别高超，能让观众感受到演员emotion的变化从lonely到lovingly。教授又说自己研究电影这么多年，绝大多数都用了这个名人的editing effect，然后说不同电影里面怎么展现的，比如fiction 和 documentary。
-TPO部分对应参考 (电影TPO3-L2)
-参考背景
Film editing is part of the creative post-production process of filmmaking. The term film editing is derived from the traditional process of working with film, but now it increasingly involves the use of digital technology.
The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots and
combining them into sequences to create a finished motion picture. Film editing is described as an art or skill, the only art that is unique to cinema, separating filmmaking from other art forms that preceded it, although there are close parallels to the editing process in other art forms like poetry or novel writing. Film editing is often referred to as the "invisible art" because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not even aware of the editor's work. On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, and practice of assembling shots into a coherent sequence. The job of an editor isn’t simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. A film editor must creatively work with the layers of images, story, dialogue, music, pacing, as well as the actors' performances to effectively "re-imagine" and even rewrite the film to craft a cohesive whole. Editors usually play a dynamic role in the making of a film. Sometimes, auteur film directors edit their own films. Notable examples are Akira Kurosawa and the Coen brothers.
With the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture. Sound, music, and (more recently) visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor. It is common, especially on lower budget films, for the assistant editors or even the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are usually replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music, and visual effects teams hired to complete the picture.
Film editing is an art that can be used in diverse ways. It can create sensually provocative montages; become a laboratory for experimental cinema; bring out the emotional truth in an actor's performance; create a point of view on otherwise obtuse events; guide the telling and pace of a story; create an illusion of danger where there is none; give emphasis to things that would not have otherwise been noted; and even create a vital subconscious emotional connection to the viewer, among many other possibilities.
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