为了帮助同学们顺利备考接下来的2017年6月3日托福考试机经小范围预测【完整版】，包括听说读写四个部分的考前机经预测的内容，大家要认真分析一下!
Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a theater history class.
Professor:In many ways, the early 20th century was an exciting time in European theater and in the arts and society in general. New technology, new machines like the telephone and innovations like electricity, all this had an influence on the arts and artists at the time. In fact, it spawned an important movement we now call Italian futurism. We formally date the start of this movement to 1909 when one of the founders, an Italian writer, published a manifesto, a declaration of the movement’s ideals and purpose.
Female:The Italian futurism? It was 100 years ago.
Professor:Well, futurism doesn’t refer to so much to a set time as to an artistic approach, artistic ideal. So unlike, say Neoclassicism, Italian futurism didn’t look to the past for inspiration. Neoclassic artists look to the art and the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, but futurists didn’t like tradition or the concept of great art and things like that. Futurists were into new things, like the speed of the new technology that was coming about in
the early 20th century. And the futurists wanted their art to reflect this new society that they saw all around them. So let’s look at a couple of the elements from futuristic thought and see how they’re reflected in the futurist
theater. Okay, the first element we will look at is the idea of speed. One of the biggest changes of the time was the development of machines capable of great speed. Who can give me some examples? Gerry?
Gerry:Cars, airplanes, trains?
Professor:Well, trains had been around a while by then. But they were faster and had more expensive networks. And speed also in well, tell us, what were you going to say?
Gerry:I was thinking of what you mentioned about the telephone.
Professor:So speed in communications?
Professor:Yeah.Good. Well, the futurists wanted to reflect this speed.
Female:But how do you put speed into theater?
Professor:A couple of ways. The first was with the length of the feature. A traditional play might be an hour and a half, two hours long. But the futurists wanted their play to be very brief. They called a lot of their work like this synthetic theater. They called it this because they put together they synthesized all elements of theater into very short, quick pieces. I will give you an example. There was a futurist play called There is No Dog. And in this play, the curtain rises. A dog walks across the stage and the curtain falls.
Well, clearly this play rejected traditional conventions of theater. In part because it synthesized everything they wanted to say into one brief moment instead of dragging it out over two or three hours.
Another way the futurists put speed into their theater was by playing the pacing of the pieces performed. A number of these short pieces were performed fast paced, one right after the other. So you would have something like There is No Dog, followed by someone reading a poem, followed by someone reciting a manifesto, followed by someone displaying a work of art, followed by another one of these really short plays.
Female:Well, I can see how that would get across the idea of speed, but it must have been confusing.
Professor:It’s funny you should say that because another element of futurist thought that’s reflected in their theater is the notion of simultaneity. Simultaneity means things happening at the same time. Another aspect of the modern world the futurist wanted to show in their art was this sense of confusion but at the same time, the dynamic energy of modern life that all kinds of things happen at the same time and not in some kind of logical order that makes sense to everyone.
Gerry:So would they perform like, two plays at once?
Professor:Well, in a sense. A lot of futurist work included simultaneous speaking, simultaneous movement, and you could sort of imagine how that would look with three or four talking at the same time, talking over one over another. And oftentimes, they’re not saying anything that makes sense. Nonsense syllables, that sort of thing.
Female:But how did audiences respond to any of this?
Professor:They didn’t understand. There was often a lot of confusion. People would leave. People weren’t sure what to make of it. But for the futurist, the confusion of the audience was intended. It too, was a representation of the modern world.
本文是2017年6月3日托福考试机经小范围预测【完整版】。
类别：生物类 真题 140302CN-P1
Title：Cell Theory(缺题目)
The study of cells--cell biology--began in 1660, when English physicist Robert Hooke melted strands of spun glass to create lenses that he focused on bee stingers, fish scales, fly legs, feathers, and any type of insect he could hold still. When he looked at cork, which is the bark from a type of oak tree, it appeared to be divided into little boxes, which were remnants of cells that were once alive. Hooke called these units “cells” because they looked like the cubicles (cellae) where monks studied and prayed. Although Hooke did not realize the significance of his observation, he was the first person to see the outlines of cells.
In 1673, Antony van Leeuwenhoek of Holland improved lenses further. He used only a single lens, but due to its quality, it was more effective at magnifying and produced a clearer image than most two-lens microscopes then available. One of his first objects of study was tartar scraped from his own teeth, and he observed that it contained many very small animalcules (microscopic organisms). Over the next few years, Leeuwenhoek built more than 500 microscopes that opened a vast new world to the human eye and mind. He viewed bacteria and other microorganisms--life that people had not known existed. However, he failed to see the single-celled “animalcules” reproduce, and therefore he perpetuated the popular idea at the time that life arises from the nonliving or from nothing. Nevertheless, he described with remarkable accuracy microorganisms and microscopic parts of larger organisms, including human red blood cells.
Despite the accumulation of microscopists’ drawings of cells made during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the cell theory --the idea that the cell is the fundamental unit of all life--did not emerge until the nineteenth century. Historians attribute the delay to poor technology--for example, crude microscopes and a lack of procedures to preserve and study living cells without damaging them. Neither the evidence itself nor early interpretations of it suggested that all organisms were composed of cells. Hooke had not observed actual cells but rather what they had left behind: the cell walls. Leeuwenhoek made important observations, but he did not methodically describe or categorize the structures that cells had in common.
In the nineteenth century, more powerful microscopes, with better magnification and illumination, revealed details of life at the subcellular level. In the early 1830s, Scottish surgeon Robert Brown noted a roughly circular structure in cells from orchid plants. Finding the structure in every orchid cell, he then identified it in all cells from a variety of other organisms. He named it the “nucleus,”a term that had remained in use. Brown memorialized the importance of the structure he discovered, but today we know the nucleus houses DNA for complex cells.
The cell theory finally emerged in 1839 when German biologists Matthias J. Schleiden and Theodore Schwann made careful comparisons of plants and animals. Schleiden first noted that cells were the basic units of plants, and then Schwann compared animal cells to plant cells. After observing many different plant and animal cells, they concluded that cells were “elementary particles of organisms, the unit of structure and function.” Schleiden and Schwann described the components of the cell as a cell body and nucleus contained within a surrounding membrane. Schleiden called a cell a “peculiar little organism” and realized that a cell can be a living entity on its own; but the new theory also recognized that in large plants and animals, cells are part of a larger living organism. Many cell biologists extended Schleiden and Schwann’s observations and ideas. German physiologist Rudolph Virchow added the important corollary in 1855 that all cells come from preexisting cells, contradicting the still-popular idea that life can arise from the nonliving or from nothingness. Virchow’s statement also challenged the popular concept that cells develop on their own from the inside out, the nucleus forming a cell body around itself, and then the cell body growing a cell membrane. Virchow’s observation set the stage for descriptions of cell division in the 1870s and 1880s. Virchow was ahead of his time because he hypothesized that abnormal cells cause diseases that affect the whole body.
本文是2017年6月3日托福考试机经小范围预测【完整版】。
Do you think the school should encourage on-campus parking? Give specific reasons and details in your response.
你认为学校应该鼓励在学校停车吗?请用详细的理由和细节来回答。
建议方法
题目解析：
1)本文属于TOEFL口语常考的建议方法类话题。
2)参考回答思路：1.比如认为不应该，因为会占据学校的空间，影响学生安全;2.细节可以从允许校园内停车对学生的各种不方便的例子来举证。
If your school allows you to choose any activity during break time, what activity would you choose? Give details and examples to support your response. 如果学校允许你在休息时间选择任意活动，你会选择什么活动?给出细节信息和例子来支持你的回答。
事件
1)题目解析：本文属于TOEFL口语常考的事件类话题。
建议思路：先回答题目中的问题，然后选择一种活动内容去展开答案。
Recently I have taken quite an interest in cooking so I would suggest that the school organize a cooking-learning activity to teach students to prepare some delicious food. It can be really fun and I bet there will be a lot of communication going on with students and it’s a good way to build up team spirit. The school can even hold a……
Do you agree or disagree with the statement: Since the world has changed so much in the past fifiy years, advice our grandparents can give us is not useful 你同不同意下列陈述：在过去的50年中世界变化如此之大，祖辈给我们的建议不再有用了?
生活方式 今昔对比题型
题目解析：
1)本文属于TOEFL写作常考的今昔对比题型/生活话题
2)建议写作思路：不同意这一说法。理由1：祖辈经历过更多挫折，对人生有更多领悟和智慧;理由2：祖辈给的生活技巧方面的建议尤其好用" "There is a common expression that goes, “with age comes wisdom.” Wisdom is the ability to use your past experience to make good decisions about your future. Regardless of how much the world has changed in the past fifty years, I still believe the advice my grandparents give me is good.
My grandparents have had a lot of experiences and survived many hardships. When my great grandmother died young, my grandmother had to grow up fast and help raise her brothers and ……
以上的资料是2017年6月3日托福考试机经小范围预测【完整版】，希望给大家备考下一场托福考试提供更加全面的备考资料。
